The use of the term “Polish Death Camps” in regards to German extermination facilities for Jews and Romanis (both discriminated under Nurnburg Laws 1935) and for various other social and ethnic groups under 2WW is deeply misleading because it was German Nazis who built and operated those camps.
“The Nazis distinguished between extermination and concentration camps, although the terms extermination camp (Vernichtungslager) and death camp(Todeslager) were interchangeable, each referring to camps whose primary function was genocide. Todeslagers were designed specifically for the systematic killing of people delivered en masse by the Holocaust trains. The executioners did not expect the prisoners to survive more than a few hours beyond arrival at Belzec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.1). The Reinhard extermination camps were under Globocnik’s direct command; each of them was run by 20 to 35 men from the SS-Totenkopfverbände branch of the Schutzstaffel, augmented by about one hundred Trawnikis – auxiliaries mostly from Soviet Ukraine, and up to one thousand Sonderkommando slave laborers each.2” 3
The complementary guards – the “Travniki men” in the death camps did not include Polish nationals at all. Poles were not reliable enough for the Germans.
“All the officers at Trawniki camp were Reichsdeutsche, and most of the squad commanders were Volksdeutsche4. The conscripted civilians and former Soviet POWs included Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Tatars, Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis.5 ” 6
Although the death camps where located in Nazi occupied Poland these camps where neither built nor operated by Poles.
Why has it been such widespread use of the term “Polish Death Camps”?
The answer is not easy. However our recent research allowed to determine the circumstances of the very beginning of the process.
The first time the wrong term “Polish Death Camp” was used was in the title of an article of the famous Polish intelligence officer, witness, a skilled diplomat and a whistle-blower on Holocaust to world leaders during WW2, prof. Jan Karski.
His article was published in 2.5 million circulation US magazine Collier’s Weekly, issue 16 on October 14, 19447. At that time both the German Nazis continued with the Holocaust and the war between the Alliance and the Axle countries was proceeding full scale.
This rather strange title “Polish Death Camp” was overwritten by hand on the Jan Karski’s typescript by the Collier’s Weekly editor, who changed the original title proposed by the author. (See Picture 1).
Picture 1. The title change on the Jan Karski article’s typescript. Credits: Crowell-Collier Publishing Company records. Manuscripts and Archives Division. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
The submitted article transcript was titled “In the Balzec Death Camp” and was a chapter of the book “Courier from Poland. The Story of a Secret State” by the same author. The book would be published the following month – November 1944. The title of the chapter in the book was “To Die in Agony”.
As the text was originally only a chapter of the book it did not include any comprehensive explanation of the situation in occupied Poland. The country was at he time terrorized by the German and Soviet occupants. German occupants dramatically reduced Polish administration and assigned Jewish administration for the ghettos. The occupants governed by using terror on a much larger scale than in the occupied western European countries. They were also faced with heroic resistance mostly from Poles.
At the same time only a few sentences explanation by the author and by the editor were added at the beginning of the article:
“A patriot disguised as a guard bribed his way into the Nazi execution grounds at Belzec. Here for the first time, is his eyewitness story of the Nazi’s systematic slaughter of Jews, based on his official report to London and Washington.” (See Picture 2)
Picture 2. Introduction by the editor. Credits: Crowell-Collier Publishing Company records. Manuscripts and Archives Division. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
“As a member of the underground, I was ordered to leave Warsaw and report to the Polish government and the Allied authorities about conditions in Poland. My orders came from the delegate of the Polish government acting somewhere in Poland and from the underground army. Jewish leaders confided to me their written report but they insisted that in order to be able to tell the truth I should see with my own eyes what actually happened to the Jews in Poland. They arranged for me to visit one of the Jewish death camps.” (See Picture 3).
Picture 3. Introduction by Jan Karski. Note: – Jewish Death Camps – the term in use by Poles and Jews in Poland under German occupation. Credits: Crowell-Collier Publishing Company records. Manuscripts and Archives Division. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
The very same issue of the Collier’s Weekly, just a few pages earlier, contained an article describing problems in American camps for war prisoners8. The article was titled “Our ‘Pampered’ War Prisoners” by Robert Devore.
So in the same issue of Collier’s Weekly of 14 October, 1944 there were two articles about the camps of war: one article about German death camp in occupied Poland near Belzec and one article about all American camps for war prisoners.
It is quite possible that this accidental placement of the two articles in the very same issue of the Colliers’s Weekly magazine motivated the editor to make an effort to differentiate between the two subjects by modifying the tittle of Jan Karski article.
However, in our personal opinion, a much better clarification could have been obtained by simply giving the Jan Karski’s article a title: “German Nazi Death Camp”.
And later on… from 1944 to the current millennium…? 9
The title of the first, highly comprehensive description of a Nazi death camp by the famous Polish war courier Jan Karski has made the further use of this false term “Polish Death Camps” by mass-media somehow more and more frequent.
Even in modern time electronic world the both of the articles in the very same issue of Collier’s Weekly are subtitled in rather different ways:
— Jan Karski’s article had its title changed to the plural form: “Polish Death Camps” which is rather illogical as the article describes single German death camp – Belzec death camp. The added subtitle reads (See Picture 4): In the Nazi slaughter pens, a patriot witnessed mass torture and slow death
Picture 4. A recent screen shot of the header of the UNZ database record with Jan Karski article from 1944. <retrieved 4/23/2018>.
For most students who often works under stress and have only seconds to collect the information – the above internet scan can lead to some misunderstanding as who in fact invented, led and operated not only the Belzec death camp but all the death camps. 10
— Robert Devore’s article has received a new, clarifying subtitle Our Army clearly is not coddling prisoners:
Conclusions
Maybe this attempt at differentiating between two articles in the same publication led to the introduction of the misnomer: “Polish Death Camps”, a continual use of the incorrect term, a huge misunderstanding, and serious falsification of history.
But as shown by historical studies of Jan Karski’s biographers11 12 there were other reasons for the false message that had been functioning for decades. At first glance it would seem that the author could have easily corrected the inaccurate title and offered a much more appropriate one, eg ” In the German Death Camp “instead of the” In the Polish Death Camp” proposed by the editor of Colliers Weekly. Well, as explained by Jan Karski’s longtime friend and biographer Waldemar Piasecki, the article was simultaneously sent to over 200 American editors in order to raise interest in Karski’s book, “The Story of a Secret State”, due to appear only two weeks later. The article was part of the promotional campaign for the coming book. After dispatching it to the media, both Jan Karski and his publishers had no contact with the text anymore and all it’s corrections afterwards.13
In 1944, it was far more important for Karski to not reveal his contacts and collaborators in the area of Poland occupied by the Germans. He did not want to jeopardize their safety and put them at risk of being arrested and prosecuted by the Nazis. For that purpose, he changed the nationality of the Ukrainian and Latvian camp guards who had helped him. The location of the camp was also changed, from Izbica to Bełżec. In this context, the mistake in the title seemed to be of little importance.
It’s quite plausible that due to the popularity and prestige of Jan Karski, the unfortunate title of his article contributed to the misconception regarding WWII death camps, which too many mistakenly associate with the Poles rather than with the Germans. However, today we should definitely avoid using that misleading term in order to reduce the possibility of unintentionally generating fake news and falsifying history.
Note by Waldemar Piasecki:
The history of the book’s creation, its editing and the promotional campaign is described in details in the book “Inferno” – the second volume of the biography “Jan Karski. One life”14). It is worth knowing that from the very beginning, the Polish emissary’s work on the book was proceeding in close cooperation with editorial and publishing agent Emery Reeves (He played the same role in publishing of Sir Winston Churchill books in the United States), editor William Poster and promotional agent Clarke Getts. When the final version of the text was accepted by the publisher, Reeves and Getts sent out excerpts from the book to all major American publications and radio stations, as well as to the most important state publications (far over two hundred places). Each recipient had the right to get the received text corrected by his own editorial office. Neither Getts nor Reeves nor Karski had any influence on it.
This was most probably also the case with Collier’s magazine. The editor, with a manuscript entitled “In the Belzec Death camp” in front of him, probably changed the title to something more, in his understanding, telling to the readers, by locating the camp in a specific country, rather than in some enigmatic place, “Belzec”.
Also, it is important to mention that at the time of the publication, many editorial offices had the position of a title editor. That person was responsible for formulating communicative titles to all articles, in each issue of a magazine or a newspaper. Maybe it was the title editor who, in order to achieve clarity and avoid confusion, made changes in the titles of the articles in the issue No. 16 of Colliers Weekly, 1944.
As Jan Karski repeated many times, the use of the term “Polish camp” by the participants of meetings with the author was quite frequent after the book was published. It did not result from the desire to assign to Poles the role of perpetrators in those terrible crime compounds. As a mental shortcut, they all had in mind simply a geographical location of the camps. What could have hurt a Pole was a colloquial understanding for an American.
Credits: Pictures 1,2 and 3:
Crowell-Collier Publishing Company records. Manuscripts and Archives Division. The New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
1 Minerbi, Alessandra (2005) [2002]. A New Illustrated History of the Nazis. Rare Photographs of the Third Reich. UK: David & Charles. pp.168–.ISBN 0-7153-2101-3.
2 Black, Peter R. (2006). Bankir, David, ed. Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard.Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348. ISBN 1-929631-60-X – via Google Books.
3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
4 Yitzhak Arad(1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. p.21. ISBN 0253342937.
5 Sergei Kudryashov, “Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards” (in) Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226-227 & 234-235.
6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_men
7 http://www.unz.com/print/Colliers-1944oct14-00018
8 There were above 250 000 war prisoners detained in the US.
9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy
10 http://www.unz.com/print/Colliers-1944oct14-00018/?View=PDF
11 Jankowski Stanisław, Karski. Raporty tajnego emisariusza, Warszawa 2009
12 Piasecki Waldemar, Inferno, Jan Karski – Jedno Życie t.II, Kraków 2018
13 Private unauthorized statement of Mr. Waldemar Piasecki, May 2018
14 ibidem. Piasecki Waldemar, Inferno….
9 comments
Ridiculous article. It is obvious Karski’s reference meant something different than it does today. Virtually no one remembered the Collier’s article. The term “Polish Death Camps” was not used widely until the 1990s, so the term is obviously of more recent vintage,
Thank you for your comment. Please read the article more carefully. It reads: “As Jan Karski repeated many times, the use of the term “Polish camp” by the participants of meetings with the author was quite frequent after the book was published.”
BTW. You have obviously missed widely spread theories that the term was created by Nałkowska or by German BND?
What is really ridiculous is the false title implemented on the top of prof. Jan Karski article. Misnomers are littering the language and human communication as such.
An addendum: Could the original title of Jan Karski article “In Belżec death camp” be understood that the death camp was located in United States?
Here is a video I made in response to this. I am an American and feel this is slander. I also run several sites to fight propaganda and promote the true history of Poland.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZsVjvfwmyM
http://www.facebook.com/groups/Silentheroes
https://twitter.com/polish_truth
You missed four crucial elements. One is the difference between Polish and English language structure. Poles often refer to contents not the technical definition. It can be compared to saying “Polish neighborhood (Chicago)” or “Polish bookstore in Greenpoint”. Are they Polish? No. They are American cities, neighborhoods, and bookstores in America, establishments often owned by non-Poles. However, there is a context and a reference being conveyed by saying “Polish”. A Pole would say “Jewish concentration camp” meaning its prisoners were mostly or exclusively Jewish. A Pole would say “Russian POW camp”, meaning mostly Russian POW’s were interned there even though the camp was located on Polish occupied territory or somewhere in Germany.
Two, at the time Karski wrote his notes, it would not have occurred to him or anyone else to ever associate those camps in occupied Poland with “Poles”. The world knew exactly who was behind WW 2. Victims and perpetrators were very clearly defined. Saying “Polish camps” truly had literal geographical connotation.
Three, please refer to Agency 114 and Gehlen Organization ( with former Wehrmach officers hired by the American government ), whose activities in the 1950s changed this clear understanding. Deliberately. White washing German guilt became a convenient by-product of their sinister existence. In addition to “Polish camps” other examples of their creativity included the following: “Many of these men made statements attesting to one another’s trustworthiness, while glossing over their own pasts. A mission to commit murder with an SS unit, for example, might be euphemistically described as a “regular group deployment to the front.”
https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/intelligence-agency-s-murky-past-the-nazi-criminals-who-became-german-spooks-a-745640-2.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_114
The fourth crucial element to understanding the origin of “Polish death camps” is a conflict between Polish and Jewish perspectives on history, not just that pertaining WW 2 but also pre-war and post-war in Poland. Jewish minority in Poland had a very different view on events, their causes and effects. Today these differences stubbornly repeated for 80 years, are used to influence the collective global memory and to profit from the concept of exclusive Jewish status as the only victim, and to place Poland in one group with German perpetrators, as collaborators. As the crowning benefit to special dishonest interests, this deliberate distortion leads to a monetary claim introduced by Israel and Jewish organizations in the recent years against Poland, demanding a payment of roughly 300 billion US dollars as “reparation” for the Holocaust, part of which comes from the so called “heirless properties” – properties allegedly left by murdered Polish Jews. Since the world opinion would never support such a claim if Poland was a victim, Poland necessarily had to be presented as a “perpetrator”. This brings us full circle to the devious concept of “Polish” camps, accused “gold diggers”, “Polish toothless peasants”, “by-standers”, and “collaborators” who sucked anti-Semitism with their mother’s milk – I hear this every day. Any discourse is shut down before it has any chance to happen, discussions are rejected in the most aggressive manner, name-calling is inflicted on those who simply seek closure or even are just curious about history, and finally personal attacks and even threats are made on those who attempt to simply talk about facts that do not comply with the “official” narrative, examples of which I witnessed and experienced myself.
Poles are entitled to closure. It is our honorable duty to acknowledge Polish perspective on history.
I would like to inform that more comprehensive study has been recently presented in Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal https://www.ped.muni.cz/cphpjournal/1120192.html p. 95-107
A more comprehensive study has been recently presented in Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal https://www.ped.muni.cz/cphpjournal/1120192.html p. 95-107
Anyway, it is quite sad that no Polish correction of the article title took place in American press after the article was published in 2,5 mln copies of Colliers’ Weekly 1944.
Thank you for your important work with correcting the common misconceptions of the public memory.